Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders affecting children. An estimated 8.4% of children and 2.5% of adults have ADHD. ADHD is considered a chronic and debilitating disorder .It can lead to poor self-esteem and social function in children when not appropriately treated.

ADHD is often first identified in school-aged children when it leads to disruption in the classroom or problems with schoolwork, in personal life also. It is more commonly diagnosed among boys than girls given differences in how the symptoms present. Boys tend to present with hyperactivity and other externalizing symptoms whereas girls tend to have inactivity.

Causes

Scientists have not yet identified the specific causes of ADHD. While there is growing evidence that genetics contribute to ADHD and several genes have been linked to the disorder, no specific gene or gene combination has been identified as the cause of the disorder. However, it is important to note that relatives of individuals with ADHD are often also affected. Several non-genetic factors have also been linked to the disorder such as low birth weight, premature birth, exposure to toxins (alcohol, smoking, lead, etc.) during pregnancy, and extreme stress during pregnancy.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

• Inattention (not being able to keep focus).
• hyperactivity (excess movement that is not fitting to the setting).
• impulsivity (hasty acts that occur in the moment without thought)
• Difficulties sitting still or at one place
• Has difficulty waiting for his or her turn, such as while waiting in line.
• Problem in paying attention
• Fidgets with or taps hands or feet, or squirms in seat.
• Poor organization in task or work
• Has problems staying focused on tasks or activities
• Does not seem to listen when spoken to
• Does not follow through on instructions and doesn’t complete schoolwork
• Avoids or dislikes tasks that require sustained mental effort
• Often loses things needed for tasks or daily life
• Is easily distracted.
• Forgetfulness
• Runs about or climbs where it is inappropriate.
• Always “on the go,” as if driven by a motor.
• Talks too much.
• Blurts out an answer before a question has been finished
• Interrupts or intrudes on others (for instance, cuts into conversations, games or activities etc).

Types of ADHD

• Predominantly inattentive presentation.
• Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation.
• Combined presentation.

A diagnosis is based on the presence of persistent symptoms that have occurred over a period of time and are noticeable over the past six months. While ADHD can be diagnosed at any age, this disorder begins in childhood. For a diagnosis of any type of ADHD, few of the above symptoms need to check.

Treatments

ADHD treatment usually encompasses a combination of ChildTherapy/ Remedial Therapy /Behaviour therapy and medication intervention. So a Psychologist, Psychotherapist and Psychiatrist has to work together.